What is a soil profile? (10 marks)

Here's the answer to the first question from the image:

JUNE 2008
a. What is a soil profile? (10 marks)

A soil profile is a vertical cross-section of the soil, extending from the surface down to the parent material. It reveals the distinct layers, or horizons, that have developed over time due to various soil-forming processes. Each horizon has unique physical, chemical, and biological characteristics, such as color, texture, structure, and organic matter content. These layers are formed by the interaction of climate, organisms, relief, parent material, and time.