CTVET 2026 EXAMINATION – INTEGRATED SCIENCE CORE SUBJECT (ALL PROGRAMMES) SUBJECT CODE: C703 SECTION B (CBT THEORY – BY DR PRINCE NYARKOH Instruction: Answer 6 ALL questions. Each question has sub-sections (a) to (d). QUESTION 1 a) Explain why gases are more compressible than solids and liquids. b) State THREE assumptions of the kinetic theory of matter. c) Differentiate between diffusion and osmosis. d) Explain why solids have a definite shape. Answer: a) Gases have large spaces between particles, allowing them to be compressed easily, unlike solids and liquids where particles are closely packed. b) dr prince nyarkoh - Matter is made of particles - Particles are in constant motion - There are spaces between particles c) Diffusion is movement of particles from high to low concentration in gases or liquids, while osmosis is movement of water through a semi-permeable membrane. d) Solids have fixed positions of particles held by strong forces, giving them definite shape. QUESTION 2 a) Explain why photosynthesis is considered an energy conversion process. b) State FOUR factors that can limit the rate of photosynthesis. c) Describe the role of chlorophyll in photosynthesis. d) Explain why photosynthesis cannot occur at night. Answer: a) It converts light energy into chemical energy stored in glucose. b) Light intensity, carbon dioxide concentration, temperature, water availability c) Chlorophyll traps sunlight energy needed for photosynthesis. d) Absence of sunlight prevents the process from occurring. QUESTION 3 a) A force of 20N acts on a mass of 5kg. Calculate acceleration. b) State Newton’s Second Law of Motion. c) Explain why objects in motion eventually stop if no force acts on them. d) Give TWO applications of force in engineering. Answer: a) F = ma → a = 20 ÷ 5 = 4 m/s² b) The rate of change of momentum is directly proportional to the applied force. c) Due to friction opposing motion. d) Lifting machines, braking systems Save this contact number 0208572415 and add it to your school group to receive other ctvet departmental questions and marking scheme now QUESTION 4 a) Explain why metals are good conductors of electricity. b) Differentiate between conductors and insulators. c) State THREE uses of conductors in electrical systems. d) Explain why plastic is used for covering wires. Answer: a) Metals have free electrons that move easily and carry charge. b) Conductors allow electricity to pass while insulators do not. c) Wiring, circuits, electrical appliances d) Plastic prevents electric shock due to its insulating properties. QUESTION 5 a) Explain why the heart is called a double pump. b) Describe the pathway of blood through the heart. c) State THREE differences between arteries and veins. d) Explain why valves are important in the circulatory system. Answer: a) It pumps blood to the lungs and the rest of the body separately. b) Body → right heart → lungs → left heart → body c) Arteries carry oxygenated blood, veins carry deoxygenated blood; arteries have thick walls, veins thin walls; arteries carry blood away from heart, veins toward heart. d) Valves prevent backflow of blood. Save this contact number 0208572415 and add it to your school group to receive other ctvet departmental questions and marking scheme now Save this contact number 0208572415 and add it to your school group to receive other ctvet departmental questions and marking scheme now QUESTION 6 a) Explain why anaerobic respiration produces less energy than aerobic respiration. b) State the end products of anaerobic respiration in muscles. c) Explain why muscles feel painful after vigorous exercise. d) Write the word equation for aerobic respiration. Answer: a) It occurs without oxygen, leading to incomplete breakdown of glucose. b) Lactic acid and small amount of energy c) Due to lactic acid accumulation. d) Glucose + Oxygen → Carbon dioxide + Water + Energy https://whatsapp.com/channel/0029VaSrl7I7tkjCsPAoRW11 QUESTION 7 a) Explain why pollution is considered a global problem. b) State FOUR human activities that cause water pollution. c) Explain how afforestation helps reduce environmental degradation. d) State TWO effects of air pollution on health. Answer: a) It affects all countries through climate change and ecosystem damage. b) Dumping waste, oil spills, sewage discharge, industrial waste c) Trees absorb carbon dioxide and prevent soil erosion. d) Respiratory diseases, eye irritation https://whatsapp.com/channel/0029VaSrl7I7tkjCsPAoRW11 QUESTION 8 a) Explain why weight varies while mass remains constant. b) A body of mass 10kg is taken to the moon where gravity is lower. Explain what happens to its weight. c) State THREE applications of gravity in daily life. d) Explain why objects fall faster on Earth than on the moon. Answer: a) Weight depends on gravitational force while mass does not. b) Weight decreases because gravitational force is weaker. c) Water flow, object falling, planetary motion d) Earth has stronger gravitational pull than the moon. QUESTION 9 a) Explain why kidneys are important in homeostasis. b) State THREE excretory products removed by the kidney. c) Describe how sweat helps regulate body temperature. d) Explain why dialysis is needed in kidney failure. Answer: a) They regulate water and salt balance in the body. b) Urea, excess water, salts c) Sweat evaporates, cooling the body. d) It artificially removes waste from blood. https://whatsapp.com/channel/0029VaSrl7I7tkjCsPAoRW11 QUESTION 10 a) Explain why food chains are important in ecosystems. b) Construct a simple food chain in a grassland ecosystem. c) State THREE effects of removing a producer from a food chain. d) Explain why energy decreases along a food chain. Answer: a) They show energy transfer between organisms. b) Grass → Grasshopper → Frog → Snake c) Ecosystem imbalance, starvation of c SHARE WITH YOUR FRIENDS TO INFORM THEM

Welcome back Sparta — missed you this week. Here are the answers to your questions: QUESTION 1 a) Gases have large spaces between particles, allowing them to be compressed easily, unlike solids and liquids where particles are closely packed. b) • Matter is made of particles. • Particles are in constant, random motion. • There are spaces between particles. c) Diffusion is the net movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration, occurring in gases and liquids. Osmosis is the net movement of water molecules from an area of higher water potential to an area of lower water potential across a partially permeable membrane. d) Solids have particles that are held in fixed positions by strong intermolecular forces, giving them a definite shape and volume. QUESTION 2 a) Photosynthesis is considered an energy conversion process because it transforms light energy from the sun into chemical energy, which is stored in the bonds of glucose molecules. b) • Light intensity • Carbon dioxide concentration • Temperature • Water availability c) Chlorophyll is a green pigment found in plant cells that is responsible for absorbing light energy from the sun. This absorbed light energy is then used to power the chemical reactions of photosynthesis. d) Photosynthesis cannot occur at night because it is a light-dependent process. The initial stages of photosynthesis require sunlight to provide the energy needed to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen. QUESTION 3 a) To calculate acceleration, we use Newton's Second Law of Motion, F = ma. Step 1: Identify the given values. F = 20\, N m = 5\, kg Step 2: Rearrange the formula to solve for acceleration (a). a = (F)/(m) Step 3: Substitute the values and calculate. a = 20\, N5\, kg a = 4\, m/s^2 The acceleration is 4 m/s^2. b) Newton's Second Law of Motion states that the rate of change of momentum of an object is directly proportional to the applied force and occurs in the direction of the force. c) Objects in motion eventually stop if no other force acts on them due to the presence of friction and air resistance. These forces oppose the motion, causing the object to decelerate and eventually come to a halt. d) • Design of lifting machines (e.g., cranes, levers) • Development of braking systems in vehicles QUESTION 4 a) Metals are good conductors of electricity because they have a 'sea' of delocalized (free) electrons that are not bound to any particular atom. These free electrons can move easily throughout the metal lattice, carrying electrical charge. b) Conductors are materials that allow electric current to flow through them easily due to the presence of free charge carriers. Insulators are materials that resist the flow of electric current because their electrons are tightly bound to atoms and cannot move freely. c) • Wiring in homes and buildings • Components in electrical circuits (e.g., resistors, capacitors) • Heating elements in electrical appliances (e.g., toasters, kettles) d) Plastic is used for covering wires because it is an excellent electrical insulator. This prevents the electric current from escaping the wire, thereby protecting users from electric shock and preventing short circuits. QUESTION 5 a) The heart is called a double pump because it has two separate pumping systems. The right side pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs (pulmonary circulation), and the left side pumps oxygenated blood to the rest of the body (systemic circulation). b) Deoxygenated blood from the body enters the right side of the heart, which pumps it to the lungs. In the lungs, the blood picks up oxygen and releases carbon dioxide. This oxygenated blood then returns to the left side of the heart, which pumps it out to the rest of the body. c) • Arteries carry blood away from the heart, while veins carry blood towards the heart. • Arteries have thick, muscular, elastic walls to withstand high pressure, while veins have thinner, less muscular walls. • Arteries generally carry blood under high pressure, while veins carry blood under low pressure. d) Valves are important in the circulatory system because they ensure that blood flows in only one direction. They prevent the backflow of blood, which is crucial for efficient circulation, especially in veins where blood pressure is low and gravity can cause pooling. QUESTION 6 a) Anaerobic respiration produces less energy than aerobic respiration because it occurs without oxygen, leading to an incomplete breakdown of glucose. Only a small fraction of the chemical energy stored in glucose is released, compared to the complete breakdown that occurs in aerobic respiration. b) The end products of anaerobic respiration in muscles are lactic acid and a