Microorganisms: --- 1. Which of the following microorganisms lacks a true nucleus? A. Fungi B. Protozoa C. Bacteria D. Algae --- 2. The outer protective covering of many bacteria is known as: A. Cell membrane B. Capsule C. Cell wall D. Slime layer --- 3. Which of the following microorganisms reproduces mainly by budding? A. Bacteria B. Amoeba C. Yeast D. Spirogyra --- 4. The locomotory organ of Amoeba is: A. Cilia B. Flagella C. Pseudopodia D. Tentacles --- 5. Which of the following diseases is caused by a virus? A. Tuberculosis B. Cholera C. Measles D. Typhoid --- 6. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of viruses? A. They are acellular B. They can reproduce independently C. They are obligate parasites D. They contain nucleic acids --- 7. The process by which bacteria exchange genetic material is called: A. Binary fission B. Conjugation C. Budding D. Sporulation --- 8. Which of the following microorganisms is photosynthetic? A. Fungi B. Protozoa C. Some bacteria D. Viruses --- 9. The causative organism of malaria belongs to the group: A. Bacteria B. Viruses C. Protozoa D. Fungi --- 10. Which of the following structures helps bacteria to move? A. Capsule B. Pili C. Flagellum D. Ribosome --- 11. Which of the following is a fungal disease? A. Ringworm B. Typhoid C. Cholera D. Measles --- 12. Which of the following is NOT a beneficial role of microorganisms? A. Decomposition B. Nitrogen fixation C. Food spoilage D. Fermentation --- 13. The bacterium that converts atmospheric nitrogen into usable form is involved in: A. Denitrification B. Nitrification C. Nitrogen fixation D. Ammonification --- 14. Which of the following is used in the production of antibiotics? A. Algae B. Fungi C. Viruses D. Protozoa --- 15. Which of the following microorganisms is responsible for fermentation in bread making? A. Bacteria B. Virus C. Yeast D. Protozoa --- 16. The smallest known microorganisms are: A. Bacteria B. Fungi C. Viruses D. Algae --- 17. Which of the following is a spore-forming bacterium? A. Rhizobium B. Lactobacillus C. Bacillus D. Vibrio --- 18. The mode of nutrition in fungi is generally: A. Autotrophic B. Holozoic C. Saprophytic D. Photosynthetic --- 19. Which of the following diseases is caused by bacteria? A. Influenza B. Tuberculosis C. Measles D. AIDS --- 20. Which of the following best describes sterilization? A. Removal of visible dirt B. Killing some microorganisms C. Killing all microorganisms including spores D. Inhibiting microbial growth

Let's mark your answers:

1. Which of the following microorganisms lacks a true nucleus?

   • Your answer: A
   • Correct answer: C. Bacteria are prokaryotes, meaning they lack a true nucleus. Fungi, Protozoa, and Algae are eukaryotes.
   • ❌ Incorrect (Correct is C)

2. The outer protective covering of many bacteria is known as:

   • Your answer: A
   • Correct answer: C. The cell wall provides structural support and protection. The capsule and slime layer are external to the cell wall in some bacteria.
   • ❌ Incorrect (Correct is C)

3. Which of the following microorganisms reproduces mainly by budding?

   • Your answer: C
   • Correct answer: C. Yeast (a type of fungus) commonly reproduces by budding.
   • ✅ Correct

4. The locomotory organ of Amoeba is:

   • Your answer: B
   • Correct answer: C. Pseudopodia (false feet) are used by Amoeba for movement and feeding.
   • ❌ Incorrect (Correct is C)

5. Which of the following diseases is caused by a virus?

   • Your answer: D
   • Correct answer: C. Measles is caused by the measles virus. Tuberculosis and Typhoid are bacterial, Cholera is bacterial.
   • ❌ Incorrect (Correct is C)

6. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of viruses?

   • Your answer: C
   • Correct answer: B. Viruses cannot reproduce independently; they require a host cell. They are acellular, obligate parasites, and contain nucleic acids.
   • ❌ Incorrect (Correct is B)

7. The process by which bacteria exchange genetic material is called:

   • Your answer: D
   • Correct answer: B. Conjugation is a process of genetic exchange between bacteria. Binary fission is reproduction, budding is for yeast, sporulation is for spore formation.
   • ❌ Incorrect (Correct is B)

8. Which of the following microorganisms is photosynthetic?

   • Your answer: B
   • Correct answer: C. Some bacteria (e.g., cyanobacteria) are photosynthetic. Algae are also photosynthetic, but "some bacteria" is a valid option here. Protozoa and Fungi are generally not.
   • ❌ Incorrect (Correct is C)

9. The causative organism of malaria belongs to the group:

   • Your answer: A
   • Correct answer: C. Malaria is caused by Plasmodium, which is a protozoan.
   • ❌ Incorrect (Correct is C)

10. Which of the following structures helps bacteria to move?

    • Your answer: C
    • Correct answer: C. A flagellum is a whip-like appendage that enables movement in bacteria.
    • ✅ Correct

11. Which of the following is a fungal disease?

    • Your answer: C
    • Correct answer: A. Ringworm is a common fungal infection. Typhoid and Cholera are bacterial, Measles is viral.
    • ❌ Incorrect (Correct is A)

12. Which of the following is NOT a beneficial role of microorganisms?

    • Your answer: C
    • Correct answer: C. Food spoilage is a harmful effect, not a beneficial one. Decomposition, nitrogen fixation, and fermentation are beneficial.
    • ✅ Correct

13. The bacterium that converts atmospheric nitrogen into usable form is involved in:

    • Your answer: B
    • Correct answer: C. This process is called nitrogen fixation.
    • ❌ Incorrect (Correct is C)

14. Which of the following is used in the production of antibiotics?

    • Your answer: C
    • Correct answer: B. Many antibiotics are derived from fungi (e.g., penicillin from Penicillium fungus) or bacteria.
    • ❌ Incorrect (Correct is B)

15. Which of the following microorganisms is responsible for fermentation in bread making?

    • Your answer: A
    • Correct answer: C. Yeast is used in bread making for fermentation.
    • ❌ Incorrect (Correct is C)

16. The smallest known microorganisms are:

    • Your answer: A
    • Correct answer: C. Viruses are generally much smaller than bacteria, fungi, or algae.
    • ❌ Incorrect (Correct is C)

17. Which of the following is a spore-forming bacterium?

    • Your answer: B
    • Correct answer: C. Bacillus species are known for forming endospores.
    • ❌ Incorrect (Correct is C)

18. The mode of nutrition in fungi is generally:

    • Your answer: C
    • Correct answer: C. Fungi are typically saprophytic, meaning they obtain nutrients by decomposing dead organic matter.
    • ✅ Correct

19. Which of the following diseases is caused by bacteria?

    • Your answer: B
    • Correct answer: B. Tuberculosis is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Influenza, Measles, and AIDS are viral.
    • ✅ Correct

20. Which of the following best describes sterilization?

    • Your answer: A
    • Correct answer: C. Sterilization is the process of killing or removing all microorganisms, including bacterial spores.
    • ❌ Incorrect (Correct is C)

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You have 5 correct answers out of 20.