This chemistry question involves key chemical concepts and calculations. The detailed solution below walks through each step, from identifying the reaction type to computing the final answer.
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Q1. The ionisation of hydrochloric in water is given below: HCl(aq) + H_2O(l) H_3O^+(aq) + Cl^-(aq) Label two conjugate acid-base pairs in this ionisation. Step 1: Identify the acid and base on the reactant side. In the forward reaction, HCl donates a proton (H^+) to H_2O. Therefore, HCl is the acid and H_2O is the base. Step 2: Identify the conjugate base of the acid and the conjugate acid of the base. When HCl loses a proton, it forms Cl^-. So, Cl^- is the conjugate base of HCl. When H_2O gains a proton, it forms H_3O^+. So, H_3O^+ is the conjugate acid of H_2O. Step 3: Form the conjugate acid-base pairs. The two conjugate acid-base pairs are: • HCl (acid) and Cl^- (conjugate base) • H_2O (base) and H_3O^+ (conjugate acid) &Pair 1: HCl (acid) / Cl^- (conjugate base) \\ &Pair 2: H_2O (base) / H_3O^+ (conjugate acid) Q2. The aqueous solution of sugar does not conduct electricity. However, when sodium chloride is added to water, it conducts electricity. How will you explain this statement on the basis of ionisation and how is it affected by the concentration of sodium chloride? Sugar is a non-electrolyte because it is a covalent compound that dissolves in water as molecules, not ions. Since there are no free mobile ions, sugar solutions do not conduct electricity. Sodium chloride (NaCl) is an ionic compound and a strong electrolyte. When dissolved in water, it undergoes dissociation into free, mobile ions (Na^+ and Cl^-). These mobile ions can carry electric charge, allowing the solution to conduct electricity. The electrical conductivity of a sodium chloride solution is directly affected by its concentration. As the concentration of sodium chloride increases, the number of Na^+ and Cl^- ions per unit volume increases. More ions mean more charge carriers, which leads to a higher electrical conductivity. Conversely, decreasing the concentration reduces the number of ions and thus decreases conductivity.