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An arithmetic progression has its 5th term equal to 60 and its 10th term equal to 45. Find (a) the first term and the common difference, and (b) the least number of terms for the sum to be negative.

Mathematics

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  1. Find the common difference and the first term of the A.P.

    (Part a)
    Let the first term be aa and the common difference be dd.
    The nn-th term of an A.P. is given by Tn=a+(n−1)dT_n = a + (n-1)d.
    Given:
    The 5th term is 60: a+(5−1)d=a+4d=60(1)a + (5-1)d = a + 4d = 60 \quad (1)
    The 10th term is 45: a+(10−1)d=a+9d=45(2)a + (10-1)d = a + 9d = 45 \quad (2)
    Subtract equation (1) from equation (2):

    (a+9d)−(a+4d)=45−60(a + 9d) - (a + 4d) = 45 - 60 5d=−155d = -15 d=−155d = \frac{-15}{5} d=−3d = -3

    Substitute d=−3d = -3 into equation (1):

    a+4(−3)=60a + 4(-3) = 60 a−12=60a - 12 = 60 a=60+12a = 60 + 12 a=72a = 72

    The common difference is −3\boxed{-3} and the first term is 72\boxed{72}.

  2. Determine the least number of terms for the sum to be negative and find the sum (Part b)

    The sum of nn terms of an A.P. is given by Sn=n2(2a+(n−1)d)S_n = \frac{n}{2}(2a + (n-1)d).
    We have a=72a = 72 and d=−3d = -3.
    We want to find the least nn such that Sn<0S_n < 0.

    Sn=n2(2(72)+(n−1)(−3))S_n = \frac{n}{2}(2(72) + (n-1)(-3)) Sn=n2(144−3n+3)S_n = \frac{n}{2}(144 - 3n + 3) Sn=n2(147−3n)S_n = \frac{n}{2}(147 - 3n)

    For Sn<0S_n < 0:

    n2(147−3n)<0\frac{n}{2}(147 - 3n) < 0

    Since nn is the number of terms, nn must be a positive integer (n>0n > 0). Therefore, n2\frac{n}{2} is positive.
    For the product to be negative, the other factor must be negative:

    147−3n<0147 - 3n < 0 147<3n147 < 3n 1473<n\frac{147}{3} < n 49<n49 < n

    The least integer value for nn that satisfies n>49n > 49 is n=50n = 50.
    Now, calculate the sum for n=50n = 50:

    S50=502(147−3(50))S_{50} = \frac{50}{2}(147 - 3(50)) S50=25(147−150)S_{50} = 25(147 - 150) S50=25(−3)S_{50} = 25(-3) S50=−75S_{50} = -75

    The least number of terms is 50\boxed{50} and the sum is −75\boxed{-75}.

  3. Determine the 6th term of the G.P.

    (Part c)
    The 5th term of the A.P. is T5=60T_5 = 60.
    The 10th term of the A.P. is T10=45T_{10} = 45.
    These two terms form two consecutive terms of a G.P. Let the first term of the G.P. be AA and the common ratio be RR.
    Assuming the 5th term of the A.P. is the first term of the G.P. and the 10th term of the A.P. is the second term of the G.P.:

    A=60A = 60 AR=45AR = 45

    To find the common ratio RR:

    60R=4560R = 45 R=4560R = \frac{45}{60} R=34R = \frac{3}{4}

    The nn-th term of a G.P. is given by Tn=ARn−1T_n = AR^{n-1}.
    We need to find the 6th term of this G.P.:

    T6=AR6−1T_6 = AR^{6-1} T6=AR5T_6 = AR^5 T6=60(34)5T_6 = 60 \left(\frac{3}{4}\right)^5 T6=60×3545T_6 = 60 \times \frac{3^5}{4^5} T6=60×2431024T_6 = 60 \times \frac{243}{1024} T6=145801024T_6 = \frac{14580}{1024} T6=3645256T_6 = \frac{3645}{256} T6≈14.23828125T_6 \approx 14.23828125

    The 6th term of the G.P. is approximately 14.238\boxed{14.238}.

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