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Find the Fourier series for the function f(x) = 2x+2 for −1 < x < 0, and f(x) = 0 for 0 < x < 1.

Mathematics

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Graph of f(x) = 2x + 2

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Key points of f(x) = 2x + 2
Pointxy
x-intercept−10
y-intercept02

Step-by-step solution

4 steps
  1. Calculate a0a_0.

    Continuing from the previous step:

    a0=(02+2⋅0)−((−1)2+2(−1))a_0 = (0^2 + 2 \cdot 0) - ((-1)^2 + 2(-1)) a0=0−(1−2)a_0 = 0 - (1 - 2) a0=0−(−1)a_0 = 0 - (-1) a0=1a_0 = 1
  2. Calculate ana_n.

    an=∫−11f(x)cos⁡(nπx) dxa_n = \int_{-1}^{1} f(x) \cos(n\pi x)\,dx

    Since f(x)=0f(x)=0 for 0<x<10 < x < 1:

    an=∫−10(2x+2)cos⁡(nπx) dxa_n = \int_{-1}^{0} (2x+2) \cos(n\pi x)\,dx

    We use integration by parts, ∫u dv=uv−∫v du\int u\,dv = uv - \int v\,du.
    Let u=2x+2u = 2x+2 and dv=cos⁡(nπx) dxdv = \cos(n\pi x)\,dx.
    Then du=2 dxdu = 2\,dx and v=1nπsin⁡(nπx)v = \frac{1}{n\pi} \sin(n\pi x).

    an=[(2x+2)1nπsin⁡(nπx)]−10−∫−101nπsin⁡(nπx)⋅2 dxa_n = \left[ (2x+2) \frac{1}{n\pi} \sin(n\pi x) \right]_{-1}^{0} - \int_{-1}^{0} \frac{1}{n\pi} \sin(n\pi x) \cdot 2\,dx

    Evaluate the first term:
    At x=0x=0: (2(0)+2)1nπsin⁡(0)=2⋅1nπ⋅0=0(2(0)+2) \frac{1}{n\pi} \sin(0) = 2 \cdot \frac{1}{n\pi} \cdot 0 = 0.
    At x=−1x=-1: (2(−1)+2)1nπsin⁡(−nπ)=0⋅1nπ⋅0=0(2(-1)+2) \frac{1}{n\pi} \sin(-n\pi) = 0 \cdot \frac{1}{n\pi} \cdot 0 = 0.
    So the first term is 0−0=00 - 0 = 0.

    an=−2nπ∫−10sin⁡(nπx) dxa_n = - \frac{2}{n\pi} \int_{-1}^{0} \sin(n\pi x)\,dx an=−2nπ[−1nπcos⁡(nπx)]−10a_n = - \frac{2}{n\pi} \left[ -\frac{1}{n\pi} \cos(n\pi x) \right]_{-1}^{0} an=2(nπ)2[cos⁡(nπx)]−10a_n = \frac{2}{(n\pi)^2} \left[ \cos(n\pi x) \right]_{-1}^{0} an=2(nπ)2(cos⁡(nπ⋅0)−cos⁡(nπ(−1)))a_n = \frac{2}{(n\pi)^2} (\cos(n\pi \cdot 0) - \cos(n\pi (-1))) an=2(nπ)2(cos⁡(0)−cos⁡(nπ))a_n = \frac{2}{(n\pi)^2} (\cos(0) - \cos(n\pi))

    Since cos⁡(0)=1\cos(0)=1 and cos⁡(nπ)=(−1)n\cos(n\pi)=(-1)^n:

    an=2(nπ)2(1−(−1)n)a_n = \frac{2}{(n\pi)^2} (1 - (-1)^n)
  3. Calculate bnb_n.

    bn=∫−11f(x)sin⁡(nπx) dxb_n = \int_{-1}^{1} f(x) \sin(n\pi x)\,dx

    Since f(x)=0f(x)=0 for 0<x<10 < x < 1:

    bn=∫−10(2x+2)sin⁡(nπx) dxb_n = \int_{-1}^{0} (2x+2) \sin(n\pi x)\,dx

    We use integration by parts, ∫u dv=uv−∫v du\int u\,dv = uv - \int v\,du.
    Let u=2x+2u = 2x+2 and dv=sin⁡(nπx) dxdv = \sin(n\pi x)\,dx.
    Then du=2 dxdu = 2\,dx and v=−1nπcos⁡(nπx)v = -\frac{1}{n\pi} \cos(n\pi x).

    bn=[(2x+2)(−1nπcos⁡(nπx))]−10−∫−10(−1nπcos⁡(nπx))⋅2 dxb_n = \left[ (2x+2) \left(-\frac{1}{n\pi} \cos(n\pi x)\right) \right]_{-1}^{0} - \int_{-1}^{0} \left(-\frac{1}{n\pi} \cos(n\pi x)\right) \cdot 2\,dx

    Evaluate the first term:
    At x=0x=0: (2(0)+2)(−1nπcos⁡(0))=2(−1nπ⋅1)=−2nπ(2(0)+2) \left(-\frac{1}{n\pi} \cos(0)\right) = 2 \left(-\frac{1}{n\pi} \cdot 1\right) = -\frac{2}{n\pi}.
    At x=−1x=-1: (2(−1)+2)(−1nπcos⁡(−nπ))=0⋅(−1nπcos⁡(nπ))=0(2(-1)+2) \left(-\frac{1}{n\pi} \cos(-n\pi)\right) = 0 \cdot \left(-\frac{1}{n\pi} \cos(n\pi)\right) = 0.
    So the first term is −2nπ−0=−2nπ-\frac{2}{n\pi} - 0 = -\frac{2}{n\pi}.

    bn=−2nπ+2nπ∫−10cos⁡(nπx) dxb_n = -\frac{2}{n\pi} + \frac{2}{n\pi} \int_{-1}^{0} \cos(n\pi x)\,dx bn=−2nπ+2nπ[1nπsin⁡(nπx)]−10b_n = -\frac{2}{n\pi} + \frac{2}{n\pi} \left[ \frac{1}{n\pi} \sin(n\pi x) \right]_{-1}^{0} bn=−2nπ+2(nπ)2(sin⁡(0)−sin⁡(−nπ))b_n = -\frac{2}{n\pi} + \frac{2}{(n\pi)^2} (\sin(0) - \sin(-n\pi))

    Since sin⁡(0)=0\sin(0)=0 and sin⁡(−nπ)=0\sin(-n\pi)=0:

    bn=−2nπ+2(nπ)2(0−0)b_n = -\frac{2}{n\pi} + \frac{2}{(n\pi)^2} (0 - 0) bn=−2nπb_n = -\frac{2}{n\pi}
  4. Write the Fourier series.

    Substitute the coefficients a0=1a_0=1, an=2(nπ)2(1−(−1)n)a_n = \frac{2}{(n\pi)^2} (1 - (-1)^n), and bn=−2nπb_n = -\frac{2}{n\pi} into the Fourier series formula:

    f(x)=a02+∑n=1∞(ancos⁡(nπx)+bnsin⁡(nπx))f(x) = \frac{a_0}{2} + \sum_{n=1}^{\infty} \left( a_n \cos(n\pi x) + b_n \sin(n\pi x) \right) f(x)=12+∑n=1∞(2(1−(−1)n)n2π2cos⁡(nπx)−2nπsin⁡(nπx))f(x) = \frac{1}{2} + \sum_{n=1}^{\infty} \left( \frac{2(1 - (-1)^n)}{n^2\pi^2} \cos(n\pi x) - \frac{2}{n\pi} \sin(n\pi x) \right)

    The Fourier series for f(x)f(x) is:

    f(x)=12+∑n=1∞(2(1−(−1)n)n2π2cos⁡(nπx)−2nπsin⁡(nπx))\boxed{f(x) = \frac{1}{2} + \sum_{n=1}^{\infty} \left( \frac{2(1 - (-1)^n)}{n^2\pi^2} \cos(n\pi x) - \frac{2}{n\pi} \sin(n\pi x) \right)}
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