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Using the quadratic formula, solve 2z² − 6z + 7 = 0. Given that z = -2 + 5i, determine the argument of z, the modulus of z, and (-2 + 5i)⁶ using De Moivre's theorem.

Mathematics

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QUESTION ONE

Part a· 3 steps

Using the quadratic formula, solve 2z2−6z+7=02z^2 - 6z + 7 = 0.

  1. Identify coefficients and apply the quadratic formula.

    For the quadratic equation az2+bz+c=0az^2 + bz + c = 0, the solutions are given by z=−b±b2−4ac2az = \frac{-b \pm \sqrt{b^2 - 4ac}}{2a}.
    Here, a=2a=2, b=−6b=-6, c=7c=7.

    z=−(−6)±(−6)2−4(2)(7)2(2)z = \frac{-(-6) \pm \sqrt{(-6)^2 - 4(2)(7)}}{2(2)}
  2. Simplify the expression under the square root.

    z=6±36−564z = \frac{6 \pm \sqrt{36 - 56}}{4} z=6±−204z = \frac{6 \pm \sqrt{-20}}{4}
  3. Simplify the square root and the entire expression.

    z=6±4×5×(−1)4z = \frac{6 \pm \sqrt{4 \times 5 \times (-1)}}{4} z=6±25i4z = \frac{6 \pm 2\sqrt{5}i}{4} z=2(3±5i)4z = \frac{2(3 \pm \sqrt{5}i)}{4} z=3±5i2z = \frac{3 \pm \sqrt{5}i}{2}

    z=32±52i\boxed{z = \frac{3}{2} \pm \frac{\sqrt{5}}{2}i}

Part b(i)· 3 steps

The argument of zz.

Given that z=−2+5iz = -2 + 5i. Determine

  1. Identify the real and imaginary parts and the quadrant.

    For z=−2+5iz = -2 + 5i, the real part x=−2x = -2 and the imaginary part y=5y = 5. Since x<0x < 0 and y>0y > 0, zz lies in the second quadrant.

  2. Calculate the reference angle α\alpha.

    The reference angle is α=arctan⁡(∣y∣∣x∣)\alpha = \arctan\left(\frac{|y|}{|x|}\right).

    α=arctan⁡(52)\alpha = \arctan\left(\frac{5}{2}\right) α≈68.1986∘\alpha \approx 68.1986^\circ
  3. Calculate the argument θ\theta.

    For a complex number in the second quadrant, the argument is θ=180∘−α\theta = 180^\circ - \alpha.

    θ=180∘−arctan⁡(52)\theta = 180^\circ - \arctan\left(\frac{5}{2}\right) θ≈180∘−68.1986∘\theta \approx 180^\circ - 68.1986^\circ θ≈111.80∘\theta \approx 111.80^\circ

    arg⁡(z)=180∘−arctan⁡(52)≈111.80∘\boxed{\arg(z) = 180^\circ - \arctan\left(\frac{5}{2}\right) \approx 111.80^\circ}

Part b(ii)· 2 steps

The modulus of zz.

  1. Apply the modulus formula.

    For z=x+yiz = x + yi, the modulus is ∣z∣=x2+y2|z| = \sqrt{x^2 + y^2}.
    Here, x=−2x = -2 and y=5y = 5.

    ∣z∣=(−2)2+(5)2|z| = \sqrt{(-2)^2 + (5)^2}
  2. Calculate the value.

    ∣z∣=4+25|z| = \sqrt{4 + 25} ∣z∣=29|z| = \sqrt{29}

    ∣z∣=29\boxed{|z| = \sqrt{29}}

Part b(iii)· 4 steps

(−2+5i)6(-2+5i)^6 using De Moivre's theorem.

  1. Convert z=−2+5iz = -2+5i to polar form r(cos⁡θ+isin⁡θ)r(\cos\theta + i\sin\theta).

    From parts (i) and (ii), we have r=∣z∣=29r = |z| = \sqrt{29} and θ=180∘−arctan⁡(52)≈111.8014∘\theta = 180^\circ - \arctan\left(\frac{5}{2}\right) \approx 111.8014^\circ.

  2. Apply De Moivre's theorem.

    De Moivre's theorem states that (r(cos⁡θ+isin⁡θ))n=rn(cos⁡(nθ)+isin⁡(nθ))(r(\cos\theta + i\sin\theta))^n = r^n(\cos(n\theta) + i\sin(n\theta)).
    Here, n=6n=6.

    z6=(29)6(cos⁡(6(180∘−arctan⁡(52)))+isin⁡(6(180∘−arctan⁡(52))))z^6 = (\sqrt{29})^6 \left(\cos\left(6\left(180^\circ - \arctan\left(\frac{5}{2}\right)\right)\right) + i\sin\left(6\left(180^\circ - \arctan\left(\frac{5}{2}\right)\right)\right)\right)
  3. Calculate r6r^6 and nθn\theta.

    r6=(29)6=(291/2)6=293=24389r^6 = (\sqrt{29})^6 = (29^{1/2})^6 = 29^3 = 24389

    The angle 6θ≈6×111.8014∘=670.8084∘6\theta \approx 6 \times 111.8014^\circ = 670.8084^\circ.
    To express the angle in the range [0∘,360∘)[0^\circ, 360^\circ), subtract 360∘360^\circ:
    670.8084∘−360∘=310.8084∘670.8084^\circ - 360^\circ = 310.8084^\circ.

  4. Write the final result in polar form and approximate rectangular form.

    (−2+5i)6=24389(cos⁡(310.8084∘)+isin⁡(310.8084∘))(-2+5i)^6 = 24389 (\cos(310.8084^\circ) + i\sin(310.8084^\circ))

    Converting to rectangular form:
    cos⁡(310.8084∘)≈0.6535\cos(310.8084^\circ) \approx 0.6535
    sin⁡(310.8084∘)≈−0.7569\sin(310.8084^\circ) \approx -0.7569

    (−2+5i)6≈24389(0.6535−0.7569i)(-2+5i)^6 \approx 24389(0.6535 - 0.7569i) (−2+5i)6≈15939.8−18456.6i(-2+5i)^6 \approx 15939.8 - 18456.6i

    (−2+5i)6≈24389(cos⁡(310.81∘)+isin⁡(310.81∘))≈15939.8−18456.6i\boxed{(-2+5i)^6 \approx 24389(\cos(310.81^\circ) + i\sin(310.81^\circ)) \approx 15939.8 - 18456.6i}

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