Step 2: Calculate the VAT payable. $$ \text{VAT Payable} = 5\% \times \$15 = 0.05 \times \$15 = \$0.75 $$ The Value Added Tax payable by the flour miller is $0.75. 3. Citizens are protected from government's arbitrariness in taxation by the canon of certainty. This canon states that the tax to be paid should be clear, not arbitrary, and known to the taxpayer. C. Certainty 4. If the average rate of tax declines as income rises, the tax is described as regressive. In a regressive tax system, higher-income earners pay a smaller percentage of their income in tax compared to lower-income earners. C. Regressive 5. Imposing prohibitive taxes on imported goods is meant to shield infant industries. These taxes make imported goods more expensive, reducing competition for new domestic industries and allowing them to grow. C. Shield infant industries 6. If it is estimated that it will cost the government 10 million dollars to collect 8 million dollars tax, the government should not collect the tax. The cost of collection exceeds the revenue generated, making it an inefficient use of resources. C. Not collect the tax 7. If a tax system successfully bridges the gap between the rich and the poor, it satisfies the principle of equity. Equity in taxation refers to fairness, often aiming to reduce income inequality. B. Equity That's 2 down. 3 left today — send the next one.