Experimental Procedure

• a) Use the measuring cylinder to measure $100 \, \text{cm}^3$ of water and transfer it into Beaker A.
• b) Pour another $100 \, \text{cm}^3$ of water into Beaker B.
• c) Read and record the initial temperature, $\theta_0$, of the water in Beaker B using a thermometer.
• d) Attach a thread to the pendulum bob and immerse the bob into the water in Beaker A.
• e) Place Beaker A on a tripod stand with a source of heat underneath. Heat the water in Beaker A for 3 minutes.
• f) Immediately after disconnecting the heat source, read and record the temperature, $\theta$, of the water in Beaker A.
• g) Quickly transfer the hot pendulum bob from Beaker A into the water in Beaker B.
• h) Stir the water in Beaker B continuously with a stirrer until a uniform final temperature, $\theta_f$, is reached.
• i) Read and record the final temperature, $\theta_f$.
• j) Dispose of the water in both beakers.
• k) Repeat the entire procedure (steps a-j) for water volumes $V = 150, 200, 250,$ and $300 \, \text{cm}^3$. In each case, ensure the same volume of water is used in both Beaker A and Beaker B for a given trial.

For each set of readings (each volume $V$), evaluate the following quantities:

• $P = (\theta - \theta_0)$
• $Q = (\theta_f - \theta_0)$

Record your measurements and calculated values in a table like the one below:

• Plot a graph with $P$ on the vertical axis and $Q$ on the horizontal axis.
• Draw the best-fit straight line through the plotted points.
• Determine the slope, $s$, of this line. Choose two distinct points $(Q_1, P_1)$ and $(Q_2, P_2)$ on your best-fit line and calculate the slope: $$s = \frac{P_2 - P_1}{Q_2 - Q_1}$$

To ensure accurate results:

• Minimize heat loss to the surroundings by performing the experiment quickly and using insulating materials if available.
• Ensure the pendulum bob is transferred as quickly as possible from Beaker A to Beaker B to prevent heat loss to the air during transfer.