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Both water and chlorine are molecular substances, however the boiling point of water is 100°C while that of chlorine molecule is 34.5°C. Explain this difference (2mks).
Chemistry
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Tofauti hii inatokana na aina na nguvu za nguvu za kivutio kati ya molekuli (intermolecular forces).
- Maji (): Molekuli za maji zina hydrogen bonds, ambazo ni nguvu za kivutio zenye nguvu sana kati ya molekuli. Hii inatokana na atomi za hidrojeni kuungana na atomi ya oksijeni yenye elektronegativiti kubwa.
- Klorini (): Molekuli za klorini ni zisizo na ncha (nonpolar) na zina tu London dispersion forces (nguvu za van der Waals), ambazo ni nguvu dhaifu sana za kivutio kati ya molekuli.
Kwa sababu hydrogen bonds katika maji ni nguvu zaidi kuliko London dispersion forces katika klorini, nishati nyingi zaidi inahitajika kuvunja nguvu hizi za kivutio ili maji yachemke. Hii ndiyo sababu maji yana kiwango cha kuchemka cha juu zaidi.
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