Identify the substances labeled M, F, X, and L in the Solvay process. Describe the reaction in chamber K and list two raw materials. Explain why CO2 is a fire extinguisher and why lead carbonate is no

Here are the answers to your questions:

a)

• (i) Gas M: Ammonia ($\text{NH}_3$)
• (ii) Solution F: Ammonium chloride ($\text{NH}_4\text{Cl}$)
• (iii) Solid X: Sodium bicarbonate ($\text{NaHCO}_3$)
• (iv) The product L: Calcium chloride ($\text{CaCl}_2$)

b)
The reaction in chamber K is between calcium hydroxide (from heating limestone and adding water) and ammonium chloride (Solution F).

$$\text{Ca(OH)}_2\text{(aq)} + 2\text{NH}_4\text{Cl(aq)} \longrightarrow \text{CaCl}_2\text{(aq)} + 2\text{NH}_3\text{(g)} + 2\text{H}_2\text{O(l)}$$

c)
Two raw materials used in the Solvay process are:

• Brine (sodium chloride solution)
• Limestone (calcium carbonate)

d)

• (i) One substance recycled in the Solvay process is ammonia ($\text{NH}_3$).
• (ii) Carbon (IV) oxide ($\text{CO}_2$) is used as a fire extinguisher because:
  • It is denser than air, forming a blanket over the fire and cutting off the oxygen supply.
  • It is non-combustible and does not support combustion.
• (iii) Lead carbonate is not reacted with dilute $\text{H}_2\text{SO}_4$ in the laboratory preparation of carbon (IV) oxide because the product, lead sulfate ($\text{PbSO}_4$), is insoluble. It forms a protective layer on the surface of the lead carbonate, preventing further reaction with the acid and stopping the production of $\text{CO}_2$.

3. a)
Graham's Law of Diffusion states that the rate of diffusion or effusion of a gas is inversely proportional to the square root of its molar mass (or density).