This chemistry question involves key chemical concepts and calculations. The detailed solution below walks through each step, from identifying the reaction type to computing the final answer.
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Q2.a.i: Sodium (^23_11Na) A) Protons: The atomic number (subscript) indicates the number of protons. Number of protons = 11 B) Neutrons: The number of neutrons is the mass number (superscript) minus the atomic number. Number of neutrons = 23 - 11 = 12 Fluorine (^19_9F) A) Protons: The atomic number (subscript) indicates the number of protons. Number of protons = 9 B) Neutrons: The number of neutrons is the mass number (superscript) minus the atomic number. Number of neutrons = 19 - 9 = 10 Q2.a.ii: A) Sodium ion (Na^+) A sodium atom (Na) has 11 electrons (2, 8, 1). A sodium ion (Na^+) loses one electron, so it has 10 electrons (2, 8). Nucleus: 11p, 12n 1st shell: 2e^- 2nd shell: 8e^- (Diagram showing a central nucleus with 11 protons and 12 neutrons, surrounded by two electron shells: the first with 2 electrons and the second with 8 electrons.) B) Fluorine ion (F^-) A fluorine atom (F) has 9 electrons (2, 7). A fluorine ion (F^-) gains one electron, so it has 10 electrons (2, 8). Nucleus: 9p, 10n 1st shell: 2e^- 2nd shell: 8e^- (Diagram showing a central nucleus with 9 protons and 10 neutrons, surrounded by two electron shells: the first with 2 electrons and the second with 8 electrons.) Q2.b.i: Two reasons why salt is important in the diet of humans are: • It helps maintain fluid balance and blood pressure in the body. • It is essential for nerve impulse transmission and muscle contraction. Q2.b.ii: Two examples of an abiotic factor which is non-climatic in a terrestrial ecosystem are: • Soil pH • Soil mineral composition Q2.c.i: An electrical conductor is a material that allows electric current to flow through it easily due to the presence of free electrons or ions. Q2.c.ii: Step 1: Calculate the equivalent resistance (R_eq) for two resistors in parallel. (1)/(R_eq) = (1)/(R_1) + (1)/(R_2) Given R_1 = 3 and R_2 = 5. (1)/(R_eq) = (1)/(3) + (1)/(5) (1)/(R_eq) = (5 + 3)/(15) (1)/(R_eq) = (8)/(15) R_eq = (15)/(8) = 1.875 Step 2: Calculate the total current (I) using Ohm's Law. V = I × R_eq I = (V)/(R_eq) Given V = 6V. I = 6V1.875 I = 3.2A The value of the current supplied by the source is 3.2A. Q2.d.i: • Ear-notching is a permanent method of identification where specific V-shaped cuts are made on the edge of an animal's ear, often following a numbering system. • Ear-tagging is a semi-permanent method where a plastic or metal tag, usually with an identification number, is clamped onto the ear of an animal. Q2.d.ii: Three ecto-parasites that infest goats in West Africa are: • Ticks • Lice • Mites