This chemistry question involves key chemical concepts and calculations. The detailed solution below walks through each step, from identifying the reaction type to computing the final answer.
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The volume and molarity of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) were determined through a titration experiment using potassium hydrogen phthalate (KHP) as a primary standard. Step 1: Determine the volume of NaOH used in cm³. The volume of NaOH used for each trial was calculated by subtracting the initial burette reading from the final burette reading. Trial 1: Volume of NaOH = 10.20 cm^3 - 0.00 cm^3 = 10.20 cm^3 Trial 2: Volume of NaOH = 11.90 cm^3 - 0.00 cm^3 = 11.90 cm^3 Trial 3: Volume of NaOH = 23.60 cm^3 - 11.90 cm^3 = 11.70 cm^3 Step 2: Convert the volume of NaOH from cm³ to Liters (L). To convert cm³ to Liters, divide by 1000 cm^3/L. Trial 1: Volume of NaOH = 10.20 cm^31000 cm^3/L = 0.0102 L Trial 2: Volume of NaOH = 11.90 cm^31000 cm^3/L = 0.0119 L Trial 3: Volume of NaOH = 11.70 cm^31000 cm^3/L = 0.0117 L Step 3: Calculate the moles of KHP used in each trial. The moles of KHP were calculated using its mass and molar mass (204.24 g/mol). Moles of KHP = Mass of KHPMolar mass of KHP Trial 1: Moles of KHP = 0.21900 g204.24 g/mol = 0.00107 mol Trial 2: Moles of KHP = 0.28900 g204.24 g/mol = 0.00141 mol Trial 3: Moles of KHP = 0.22000 g204.24 g/mol = 0.00108 mol Step 4: Determine the molarity of NaOH for each trial. Since KHP is a monoprotic acid and reacts with NaOH in a 1:1 mole ratio, the moles of NaOH at the equivalence point are equal to the moles of KHP. Molarity of NaOH = Moles of NaOHVolume of NaOH (L) Trial 1: Molarity of NaOH = 0.00107 mol0.0102 L = 0.105 M Trial 2: Molarity of NaOH = 0.00141 mol0.0119 L = 0.118 M Trial 3: Molarity of NaOH = 0.00108 mol0.0117 L = 0.092 M Step 5: Calculate the average molarity of NaOH. The average molarity was found by summing the molarities from each trial and dividing by the number of trials. Average Molarity of NaOH = 0.105 M + 0.118 M + 0.092 M3 = 0.315 M3 = 0.105 M