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Q1 (a): Prepare of as solution D.
Determine the volume of concentrated needed.
To prepare () of solution, we first need to find the molarity of concentrated .
Assuming concentrated is w/w with a density of and molar mass of is :Using the dilution formula :
Outline the preparation procedure.
- Carefully measure out of concentrated using a measuring cylinder or pipette.
- Pour about of distilled water into a volumetric flask.
- Slowly add the measured concentrated to the water in the volumetric flask, swirling gently. (Always add acid to water).
- Add more distilled water until the solution is just below the calibration mark.
- Stopper the flask and invert several times to mix.
- Add distilled water dropwise until the bottom of the meniscus aligns with the calibration mark.
- Stopper and invert the flask several times to ensure thorough mixing.
- Label the solution as Solution D ( ). This stock solution can then be dispensed in portions to each student.
Q1 (b): Prepare of as solution E.
Calculate the mass of needed.
To prepare () of solution.
Molar mass of :
.
Mass needed = Molarity Volume Molar massOutline the preparation procedure.
- Weigh out of accurately using a digital balance.
- Transfer the weighed solid into a beaker and dissolve it in about of distilled water. Stir to ensure complete dissolution.
- Carefully transfer the solution into a volumetric flask using a funnel.
- Rinse the beaker and funnel with small portions of distilled water and add the rinsings to the volumetric flask to ensure all solute is transferred.
- Add distilled water until the solution is just below the calibration mark.
- Stopper the flask and invert several times to mix.
- Add distilled water dropwise until the bottom of the meniscus aligns with the calibration mark.
- Stopper and invert the flask several times to ensure thorough mixing.
- Label the solution as Solution E ( ). This stock solution can then be dispensed in portions to each student.
Q1 (c): Prepare of KOH as solution F.
Calculate the mass of KOH needed.
To prepare () of KOH solution.
Molar mass of KOH: .
Mass needed = Molarity Volume Molar massOutline the preparation procedure.
- Weigh out of KOH pellets quickly, as it is hygroscopic, using a digital balance.
- Transfer the weighed solid into a beaker and dissolve it in about of distilled water. Stir to ensure complete dissolution. (Note: Dissolution of KOH is exothermic).
- Allow the solution to cool to room temperature.
- Carefully transfer the cooled solution into a volumetric flask using a funnel.
- Rinse the beaker and funnel with small portions of distilled water and add the rinsings to the volumetric flask.
- Add distilled water until the solution is just below the calibration mark.
- Stopper the flask and invert several times to mix.
- Add distilled water dropwise until the bottom of the meniscus aligns with the calibration mark.
- Stopper and invert the flask several times to ensure thorough mixing.
- Label the solution as Solution F ( KOH). This stock solution can then be dispensed in portions to each student.
Q1 (d): Prepare methyl orange and phenolphthalein indicators.
Prepare Methyl Orange indicator.
- Dissolve of methyl orange powder in of distilled water. Stir until completely dissolved.
Prepare Phenolphthalein indicator.
- Dissolve of phenolphthalein powder in of ethanol (or industrial methylated spirit). Stir until completely dissolved.
Q2: Provide samples and reagents.
- Provide of Tin(II) Chloride labeled as SAMPLE B1.
- Provide of 2-Hydrobenzoic Acid (Salicylic Acid) labeled as SAMPLE B2.
- Ensure that all necessary test reagents for inorganic and organic qualitative analysis are provided in the laboratory benches as instructed.
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