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Q1 (a): Prepare 0.10 mole dm−30.10 \text{ mole dm}^{-3} of HNO3\text{HNO}_3 as solution D.

  1. Determine the volume of concentrated HNO3\text{HNO}_3 needed.

    To prepare 1 dm31 \text{ dm}^3 (1000 cm31000 \text{ cm}^3) of 0.10 mol dm−30.10 \text{ mol dm}^{-3} HNO3\text{HNO}_3 solution, we first need to find the molarity of concentrated HNO3\text{HNO}_3.
    Assuming concentrated HNO3\text{HNO}_3 is 68%68\% w/w with a density of 1.42 g/cm31.42 \text{ g/cm}^3 and molar mass of HNO3\text{HNO}_3 is 63.01 g/mol63.01 \text{ g/mol}:

    Molarity of conc. HNO3=68×1.42 g/cm3×1000 cm3/dm363.01 g/mol×100=15.33 mol/dm3\text{Molarity of conc. HNO}_3 = \frac{68 \times 1.42 \text{ g/cm}^3 \times 1000 \text{ cm}^3/\text{dm}^3}{63.01 \text{ g/mol} \times 100} = 15.33 \text{ mol/dm}^3

    Using the dilution formula C1V1=C2V2C_1V_1 = C_2V_2:

    15.33 mol/dm3×V1=0.10 mol/dm3×1 dm315.33 \text{ mol/dm}^3 \times V_1 = 0.10 \text{ mol/dm}^3 \times 1 \text{ dm}^3 V1=0.10 mol/dm3×1 dm315.33 mol/dm3=0.00652 dm3=6.52 cm3V_1 = \frac{0.10 \text{ mol/dm}^3 \times 1 \text{ dm}^3}{15.33 \text{ mol/dm}^3} = 0.00652 \text{ dm}^3 = 6.52 \text{ cm}^3
  2. Outline the preparation procedure.

    • Carefully measure out 6.52 cm3\mathbf{6.52 \text{ cm}^3} of concentrated HNO3\text{HNO}_3 using a measuring cylinder or pipette.
    • Pour about 500 cm3500 \text{ cm}^3 of distilled water into a 1 dm31 \text{ dm}^3 volumetric flask.
    • Slowly add the measured concentrated HNO3\text{HNO}_3 to the water in the volumetric flask, swirling gently. (Always add acid to water).
    • Add more distilled water until the solution is just below the calibration mark.
    • Stopper the flask and invert several times to mix.
    • Add distilled water dropwise until the bottom of the meniscus aligns with the 1 dm31 \text{ dm}^3 calibration mark.
    • Stopper and invert the flask several times to ensure thorough mixing.
    • Label the solution as Solution D (0.10 mol dm−30.10 \text{ mol dm}^{-3} HNO3\text{HNO}_3). This stock solution can then be dispensed in 200 cm3200 \text{ cm}^3 portions to each student.

    Q1 (b): Prepare 0.04 mole dm−30.04 \text{ mole dm}^{-3} of Na2CO3⋅10H2O\text{Na}_2\text{CO}_3 \cdot 10\text{H}_2\text{O} as solution E.

  3. Calculate the mass of Na2CO3⋅10H2O\text{Na}_2\text{CO}_3 \cdot 10\text{H}_2\text{O} needed.

    To prepare 1 dm31 \text{ dm}^3 (1000 cm31000 \text{ cm}^3) of 0.04 mol dm−30.04 \text{ mol dm}^{-3} Na2CO3⋅10H2O\text{Na}_2\text{CO}_3 \cdot 10\text{H}_2\text{O} solution.
    Molar mass of Na2CO3⋅10H2O\text{Na}_2\text{CO}_3 \cdot 10\text{H}_2\text{O}:
    (2×22.99)+12.01+(3×16.00)+(10×(2×1.008+16.00))=286.15 g/mol(2 \times 22.99) + 12.01 + (3 \times 16.00) + (10 \times (2 \times 1.008 + 16.00)) = 286.15 \text{ g/mol}.
    Mass needed = Molarity ×\times Volume ×\times Molar mass

    Mass=0.04 mol/dm3×1 dm3×286.15 g/mol=11.446 g\text{Mass} = 0.04 \text{ mol/dm}^3 \times 1 \text{ dm}^3 \times 286.15 \text{ g/mol} = 11.446 \text{ g}
  4. Outline the preparation procedure.

    • Weigh out 11.45 g\mathbf{11.45 \text{ g}} of Na2CO3⋅10H2O\text{Na}_2\text{CO}_3 \cdot 10\text{H}_2\text{O} accurately using a digital balance.
    • Transfer the weighed solid into a beaker and dissolve it in about 200 cm3200 \text{ cm}^3 of distilled water. Stir to ensure complete dissolution.
    • Carefully transfer the solution into a 1 dm31 \text{ dm}^3 volumetric flask using a funnel.
    • Rinse the beaker and funnel with small portions of distilled water and add the rinsings to the volumetric flask to ensure all solute is transferred.
    • Add distilled water until the solution is just below the calibration mark.
    • Stopper the flask and invert several times to mix.
    • Add distilled water dropwise until the bottom of the meniscus aligns with the 1 dm31 \text{ dm}^3 calibration mark.
    • Stopper and invert the flask several times to ensure thorough mixing.
    • Label the solution as Solution E (0.04 mol dm−30.04 \text{ mol dm}^{-3} Na2CO3⋅10H2O\text{Na}_2\text{CO}_3 \cdot 10\text{H}_2\text{O}). This stock solution can then be dispensed in 125 cm3125 \text{ cm}^3 portions to each student.

    Q1 (c): Prepare 0.08 mole dm−30.08 \text{ mole dm}^{-3} of KOH as solution F.

  5. Calculate the mass of KOH needed.

    To prepare 1 dm31 \text{ dm}^3 (1000 cm31000 \text{ cm}^3) of 0.08 mol dm−30.08 \text{ mol dm}^{-3} KOH solution.
    Molar mass of KOH: 39.10+16.00+1.008=56.108 g/mol39.10 + 16.00 + 1.008 = 56.108 \text{ g/mol}.
    Mass needed = Molarity ×\times Volume ×\times Molar mass

    Mass=0.08 mol/dm3×1 dm3×56.108 g/mol=4.48864 g≈4.49 g\text{Mass} = 0.08 \text{ mol/dm}^3 \times 1 \text{ dm}^3 \times 56.108 \text{ g/mol} = 4.48864 \text{ g} \approx 4.49 \text{ g}
  6. Outline the preparation procedure.

    • Weigh out 4.49 g\mathbf{4.49 \text{ g}} of KOH pellets quickly, as it is hygroscopic, using a digital balance.
    • Transfer the weighed solid into a beaker and dissolve it in about 200 cm3200 \text{ cm}^3 of distilled water. Stir to ensure complete dissolution. (Note: Dissolution of KOH is exothermic).
    • Allow the solution to cool to room temperature.
    • Carefully transfer the cooled solution into a 1 dm31 \text{ dm}^3 volumetric flask using a funnel.
    • Rinse the beaker and funnel with small portions of distilled water and add the rinsings to the volumetric flask.
    • Add distilled water until the solution is just below the calibration mark.
    • Stopper the flask and invert several times to mix.
    • Add distilled water dropwise until the bottom of the meniscus aligns with the 1 dm31 \text{ dm}^3 calibration mark.
    • Stopper and invert the flask several times to ensure thorough mixing.
    • Label the solution as Solution F (0.08 mol dm−30.08 \text{ mol dm}^{-3} KOH). This stock solution can then be dispensed in 125 cm3125 \text{ cm}^3 portions to each student.

    Q1 (d): Prepare methyl orange and phenolphthalein indicators.

  7. Prepare Methyl Orange indicator.

    • Dissolve 0.1 g\mathbf{0.1 \text{ g}} of methyl orange powder in 100 cm3100 \text{ cm}^3 of distilled water. Stir until completely dissolved.
  8. Prepare Phenolphthalein indicator.

    • Dissolve 1 g\mathbf{1 \text{ g}} of phenolphthalein powder in 100 cm3100 \text{ cm}^3 of ethanol (or industrial methylated spirit). Stir until completely dissolved.

    Q2: Provide samples and reagents.

    • Provide 2 g\mathbf{2 \text{ g}} of Tin(II) Chloride labeled as SAMPLE B1.
    • Provide 2 g\mathbf{2 \text{ g}} of 2-Hydrobenzoic Acid (Salicylic Acid) labeled as SAMPLE B2.
    • Ensure that all necessary test reagents for inorganic and organic qualitative analysis are provided in the laboratory benches as instructed.
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