1. The main reason President Daniel Arap Moi banned ethnic organizations in 1979 was to consolidate power, promote national unity, and prevent tribalism from undermining the state, following the "Nyayo philosophy" of peace, love, and unity. 2. The political party that led Mozambique to independence was the Frente de Libertação de Moçambique (FRELIMO). 3. Five challenges faced by nationalists in the liberation struggle include: Superior military power and resources of colonial governments.* Lack of adequate funding and resources* for nationalist movements. Internal divisions, ethnic rivalries, and ideological differences* among nationalist leaders. Suppression and repression by colonial authorities*, including arrests, detention, and banning of political parties. Lack of widespread political awareness and support* among the masses, especially in the early stages. 4. Thomas Mboya's main contribution to the history of Kenya was his significant role in negotiating Kenya's independence at the Lancaster House Conferences and his efforts in securing educational opportunities for Kenyan students through the student airlift program to the USA and Canada. 5. The main contributions of Professor Wangari Maathai to the development of Kenya include: Founding the Green Belt Movement*, which focused on environmental conservation through tree planting, promoting sustainable development, and empowering women. Advocating for democracy, human rights, and good governance* in Kenya. Her work in combating deforestation and promoting ecological restoration*.