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Express 5 theta in terms of sines of multiple angles.

Mathematics

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Answer

116(sin⁡(5θ)−5sin⁡(3θ)+10sin⁡θ)\frac{1}{16} (\sin(5\theta) - 5\sin(3\theta) + 10\sin\theta)

Step-by-step solution

5 steps

To express sin⁡5θ\sin^5 \theta in terms of sine and cosine of multiple angles, we use Euler's formula and the binomial theorem.

  1. Express sin⁡θ\sin\theta in terms of zz and z−1z^{-1}.

    Given z=cos⁡θ+isin⁡θz = \cos\theta + i \sin\theta, we know that z=eiθz = e^{i\theta}.
    Then z−1=cos⁡θ−isin⁡θ=e−iθz^{-1} = \cos\theta - i \sin\theta = e^{-i\theta}.
    Subtracting z−1z^{-1} from zz:

    z−z−1=(cos⁡θ+isin⁡θ)−(cos⁡θ−isin⁡θ)=2isin⁡θz - z^{-1} = (\cos\theta + i \sin\theta) - (\cos\theta - i \sin\theta) = 2i \sin\theta

    Therefore, sin⁡θ=z−z−12i\sin\theta = \frac{z - z^{-1}}{2i}.

  2. Raise sin⁡θ\sin\theta to the power of 5.

    sin⁡5θ=(z−z−12i)5=(z−z−1)5(2i)5\sin^5 \theta = \left(\frac{z - z^{-1}}{2i}\right)^5 = \frac{(z - z^{-1})^5}{(2i)^5}
  3. Expand (z−z−1)5(z - z^{-1})^5 using the binomial theorem.

    The binomial expansion for (a−b)5(a-b)^5 is a5−5a4b+10a3b2−10a2b3+5ab4−b5a^5 - 5a^4b + 10a^3b^2 - 10a^2b^3 + 5ab^4 - b^5.
    Substitute a=za=z and b=z−1b=z^{-1}:

    (z−z−1)5=z5−5z4(z−1)+10z3(z−1)2−10z2(z−1)3+5z(z−1)4−(z−1)5(z - z^{-1})^5 = z^5 - 5z^4(z^{-1}) + 10z^3(z^{-1})^2 - 10z^2(z^{-1})^3 + 5z(z^{-1})^4 - (z^{-1})^5 =z5−5z3+10z−10z−1+5z−3−z−5= z^5 - 5z^3 + 10z - 10z^{-1} + 5z^{-3} - z^{-5}
  4. Group terms and convert back to sine of multiple angles.

    Group the terms as (zn−z−n)(z^n - z^{-n}):

    (z−z−1)5=(z5−z−5)−5(z3−z−3)+10(z−z−1)(z - z^{-1})^5 = (z^5 - z^{-5}) - 5(z^3 - z^{-3}) + 10(z - z^{-1})

    Using the identity zn−z−n=einθ−e−inθ=(cos⁡(nθ)+isin⁡(nθ))−(cos⁡(nθ)−isin⁡(nθ))=2isin⁡(nθ)z^n - z^{-n} = e^{in\theta} - e^{-in\theta} = (\cos(n\theta) + i \sin(n\theta)) - (\cos(n\theta) - i \sin(n\theta)) = 2i \sin(n\theta):

    z5−z−5=2isin⁡(5θ)z^5 - z^{-5} = 2i \sin(5\theta) z3−z−3=2isin⁡(3θ)z^3 - z^{-3} = 2i \sin(3\theta) z−z−1=2isin⁡θz - z^{-1} = 2i \sin\theta

    Substitute these into the expanded expression:

    (z−z−1)5=2isin⁡(5θ)−5(2isin⁡(3θ))+10(2isin⁡θ)(z - z^{-1})^5 = 2i \sin(5\theta) - 5(2i \sin(3\theta)) + 10(2i \sin\theta) =2i(sin⁡(5θ)−5sin⁡(3θ)+10sin⁡θ)= 2i (\sin(5\theta) - 5\sin(3\theta) + 10\sin\theta)
  5. Calculate (2i)5(2i)^5 and substitute back into the expression for sin⁡5θ\sin^5 \theta.

    (2i)5=25⋅i5=32⋅(i4⋅i)=32⋅1⋅i=32i(2i)^5 = 2^5 \cdot i^5 = 32 \cdot (i^4 \cdot i) = 32 \cdot 1 \cdot i = 32i

    Now, substitute this and the expanded binomial back into the expression for sin⁡5θ\sin^5 \theta:

    sin⁡5θ=2i(sin⁡(5θ)−5sin⁡(3θ)+10sin⁡θ)32i\sin^5 \theta = \frac{2i (\sin(5\theta) - 5\sin(3\theta) + 10\sin\theta)}{32i} sin⁡5θ=116(sin⁡(5θ)−5sin⁡(3θ)+10sin⁡θ)\sin^5 \theta = \frac{1}{16} (\sin(5\theta) - 5\sin(3\theta) + 10\sin\theta)

    The final expression for sin⁡5θ\sin^5 \theta in terms of sine of multiple angles is:

    116(sin⁡(5θ)−5sin⁡(3θ)+10sin⁡θ)\frac{1}{16} (\sin(5\theta) - 5\sin(3\theta) + 10\sin\theta)
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