This mathematics problem involves applying core mathematical principles and formulas. Below you will find a complete step-by-step solution with detailed explanations for each step, helping you understand not just the answer but the method behind it.

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Step 1: Recall the formula for the -th term of an Arithmetic Progression (AP). The formula for the -th term () of an AP is: where is the first term, is the term number, and is the common difference.
Step 2: Identify the given values from the problem. We are given: • The 28th term () is -5. So, and . • The first term () is 31. So, . We need to find the common difference ().
Step 3: Substitute the given values into the formula.
Step 4: Simplify the equation.
Step 5: Solve for . Subtract 31 from both sides: Divide by 27: Simplify the fraction by dividing both numerator and denominator by their greatest common divisor, which is 9:
The common difference is .
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Recall the formula for the n-th term of an Arithmetic Progression (AP). The formula for the n-th term (T_n) of an AP is: T_n = a + (n-1)d where a is the first term, n is the term number, and d is the common difference.
This mathematics problem involves applying core mathematical principles and formulas. Below you will find a complete step-by-step solution with detailed explanations for each step, helping you understand not just the answer but the method behind it.