Define electric current, voltage, and resistance. State Ohm's Law and list two differences between AC and DC. Also, list four electrical safety precautions.

$$
I = 3\, \text{A}
$$
The current flowing is $\boxed{\text{3 A}}$.

**b)** **Explain the relationship between voltage, current, and resistance.**  
Voltage, current, and resistance are related by Ohm's Law. Voltage is directly proportional to current (for a fixed resistance), meaning if voltage increases, current increases. Current is inversely proportional to resistance (for a fixed voltage), meaning if resistance increases, current decreases.

8. a) Define electrical power. Electrical power is the rate at which electrical energy is converted into another form of energy (like heat, light, or mechanical energy) or transferred by an electric circuit.

**b)** **A bulb is rated 60W, 240V. Calculate the current drawn.**

Rearrange to solve for current $I = \frac{P}{V}$. $I = \frac{60\, \text{W}}{240\, \text{V}}$

$$
I = 0.25\, \text{A}
$$
The current drawn is $\boxed{\text{0.25 A}}$.

**c)** **State three uses of electrical energy in homes.**
*   Lighting (e.g., light bulbs)
*   Heating (e.g., electric heaters, water heaters)
*   Operating appliances (e.g., refrigerators, televisions, washing machines)

9. a) Draw and label a simple electric circuit. A simple electric circuit typically consists of a power source (e.g., a battery, represented by a long and short parallel line), a switch (represented by a break in the line that can be closed), a load (e.g., a light bulb, represented by a circle with a cross inside), and connecting wires (straight lines) that form a closed loop. The positive terminal of the battery connects through the switch to one side of the bulb, and the other side of the bulb connects back to the negative terminal of the battery.

**b)** **Explain how current flows in the circuit.**  
When the switch is closed, a complete path is formed for the electrons to flow. Electrons, carrying negative charge, move from the negative terminal of the battery, through the connecting wires, through the load (where they do work, e.g., light up the bulb), and back to the positive terminal of the battery. Conventional current, however, is defined as flowing from the positive terminal to the negative terminal.

10. Explain the function of each of the following: * a) Switch: A device used to open or close an electrical circuit, thereby controlling the flow of current to a load. * b) Circuit breaker: An automatic electrical safety switch designed to protect an electrical circuit from damage caused by overcurrent or short circuit. It can be reset after tripping. * c) Battery: A device that converts chemical energy into electrical energy, providing a source of electromotive force (voltage) to drive current in a circuit. * d) Resistor: An electrical component that limits or regulates the flow of electric current in an electronic circuit. It introduces resistance to the current.

11. a) Distinguish between a conductor and an insulator. A conductor is a material that allows electric current to flow through it easily because it has free electrons that can move. An insulator is a material that resists the flow of electric current because its electrons are tightly bound and cannot move freely.

    b) Give three examples of each.

    • Conductors: Copper, Aluminum, Silver
    • Insulators: Rubber, Glass, Plastic

    c) Explain why copper is widely used in electrical wiring.
    Copper is widely used in electrical wiring because it is an excellent electrical conductor, meaning it offers low resistance to current flow. It is also ductile, allowing it to be easily drawn into thin wires, and malleable, making it easy to shape. Furthermore, it is relatively abundant and cost-effective.

12. a) State four causes of electrical accidents.

    • Faulty wiring or damaged insulation.
    • Overloading electrical circuits or outlets.
    • Contact with live wires or components.
    • Using electrical equipment in wet conditions.

    b) Explain four ways of preventing electrical hazards.

    • Ensure all electrical wiring is properly installed and maintained by qualified professionals.
    • Use appropriate insulation on wires and electrical components to prevent accidental contact with live parts.
    • Implement grounding systems to provide a safe path for fault currents, preventing electric shock.
    • Avoid overloading circuits by not plugging too many appliances into a single outlet or extension cord.