Identify the particle in the nuclear equation and list uses and dangers of radioisotopes. Define fission and fusion and describe disposal of radioactive waste.

$$37 + x = 37$$ $$x = 0$$

$$18 + y = 17$$ $$y = -1$$

A particle with mass number 0 and atomic number -1 is a beta particle (electron).
The complete nuclear equation is:

$$^{37}_{18}A + \boxed{^{0}_{-1}e} \longrightarrow ^{37}_{17}B$$

1. (b) (i)
One use of radioisotopes in agriculture is to trace the uptake of fertilizers by plants.

1. (b) (ii)
One danger associated with exposure of human beings to radioisotopes is increased risk of cancer.

2. (a)

• Nuclear fission is the process where a heavy atomic nucleus splits into two or more lighter nuclei, releasing a large amount of energy.
• Nuclear fusion is the process where two or more light atomic nuclei combine to form a heavier nucleus, also releasing a large amount of energy.

2. (b)
Solid wastes containing radioactive substances should be stored in shielded containers and buried deep underground in stable geological formations.

3. (a)
The three different particles commonly emitted in radioactive decay are alpha ($\alpha$), beta ($\beta$), and gamma ($\gamma$) rays.

• Alpha particle: $^{4}_{2}\alpha$ (mass number 4)
• Beta particle: $^{0}_{-1}\beta$ (mass number 0)
• Gamma ray: $^{0}_{0}\gamma$ (mass number 0) The particle with the highest mass is the alpha particle. Symbol: $\boxed{^{4}_{2}\alpha}$ or $\boxed{^{4}_{2}He}$

3. (b) (i)
The nuclear equation for finding $Z_1$ and $Z_2$ is not provided in the image. Please provide the equation.