To determine the centre of gravity, G, of the metre rule:

Here are the instructions for the experiment and the definitions: a) (i) To determine the centre of gravity, G, of the metre rule: Balance the metre rule horizontally on a knife edge. The point on the rule where it balances without tipping is its centre of gravity, G. (ii) To suspend the metre rule as shown in Fig. 1: Clamp the metre rule horizontally at points A and B using two retort stands. Ensure the rule is level. Position a vertical metre rule next to point G to measure its height. (iii) To measure and record h_0: Read the initial height of the centre of gravity, G, from the vertical metre rule. This is h_0. (iv) To hang mass, m=100 g at G: Carefully suspend a mass of 100 g from the centre of gravity, G, of the metre rule. (v) To measure and record h_f: After the metre rule has settled, read the new, final height of the centre of gravity, G, from the vertical metre rule. This is h_f. (vi) To evaluate H = |h_f - h_0|: Calculate the depression H by finding the absolute difference between the final height (h_f) and the initial height (h_0). H = |h_f - h_0| (vii) To repeat the procedure for four other values of m = 150 g, 200 g, 250 g and 300 g: Remove the 100 g mass. Repeat steps (iv) to (vi) for each of the new mass values (150 g, 200 g, 250 g, and 300 g), ensuring to record the corresponding h_f and calculate H for each. (viii) In each case measure and record h_f: For each mass value, measure and record the final height h_f of the centre of gravity G after the mass is applied. (ix) Evaluate H: For each mass value, calculate the depression H = |h_f - h_0|. (x) To tabulate the results: Create a table with the following columns: | Mass, m (g) | Initial height, h_0 (cm) | Final height, h_f (cm) | Depression, H = |h_f - h_0| (cm) | |---|---|---|---| | 100 | | | | | 150 | | | | | 200 | | | | | 250 | | | | | 300 | | | | (xi) To plot the graph of m on the vertical axis and H on the horizontal axis: Draw a graph with the values of mass (m) on the vertical (y) axis and the values of depression (H) on the horizontal (x) axis. Plot the points from your table and draw a line of best fit. b) (i) Define Young's Modulus. Young's Modulus (E) is a measure of the stiffness or elasticity of a material. It quantifies the material's resistance to elastic deformation under tensile or compressive stress. It is defined as the ratio of stress () to strain () in the elastic region: E = StressStrain = ()/() The unit for Young's Modulus is Pascals (Pa) or Newtons per square meter (N/m^2). Young's Modulus is the ratio of stress to strain. (ii) How does Young's modulus affect the stiffness of a material? A material with a higher Young's Modulus is stiffer and more resistant to deformation. This means it requires a greater amount of stress to produce a given amount of strain. Conversely, a material with a lower Young's Modulus is less stiff and deforms more easily under stress. A higher Young's Modulus indicates a stiffer material. Send me the next one 📸