What is water hammer, what causes it, and how can it be remedied?

Water hammer:
Water hammer is a pressure surge or wave caused when a fluid in motion is forced to stop or change direction suddenly. This sudden change in momentum creates a shockwave that propagates through the pipe, often producing a banging noise and potentially damaging the piping system.

Causes of water hammer:

• Rapid valve closure: The most common cause, as it abruptly stops the flow of water.
• Pump startup or shutdown: Sudden changes in pump operation can create pressure fluctuations.
• Air in the pipes: Air pockets can compress and expand, leading to sudden pressure changes when water flow resumes.
• High water velocity: Faster moving water has more momentum, leading to a stronger pressure surge when stopped.

Remedies of water hammer:

• Install water hammer arrestors: These devices absorb the shockwave by providing a cushion of air or a spring-loaded piston.
• Use slow-closing valves: Valves designed to close gradually prevent sudden flow stoppage.
• Reduce water pressure: Lowering the overall water pressure in the system can lessen the impact of pressure surges.
• Secure pipes properly: Anchoring pipes prevents them from vibrating and banging against structures.
• Bleed air from the system: Regularly removing trapped air can prevent erratic flow and pressure changes.