Explain ionic bonding and covalent bonding. (b) State two differences between ionic and covalent bonds.

Here are the answers to questions 3 and 4:

3)

a)

• Ionic bonding occurs when there is a complete transfer of one or more electrons from a metal atom to a non-metal atom, forming positively charged ions (cations) and negatively charged ions (anions). These oppositely charged ions are then held together by strong electrostatic forces of attraction.
• Covalent bonding occurs when two non-metal atoms share one or more pairs of electrons to achieve a stable electron configuration. The shared electrons are attracted to the nuclei of both atoms, holding them together.

b)
Two differences between ionic and covalent bonds are:

1. Ionic bonds involve the transfer of electrons, typically between a metal and a non-metal, forming ions. Covalent bonds involve the sharing of electrons, typically between two non-metals, forming molecules.
2. Ionic compounds generally have high melting and boiling points due to strong electrostatic forces between ions. Covalent compounds generally have lower melting and boiling points because the intermolecular forces between molecules are weaker.

4)

a)
Electrolysis is the process of using electrical energy to drive a non-spontaneous chemical reaction. It involves passing an electric current through an electrolyte (a molten ionic compound or a solution of ions) to decompose it into its constituent elements or other compounds.

b)
For the electrolysis of molten $\text{CuCl}_2$, the ions present are $\text{Cu}^{2+}$ and $\text{Cl}^{-}$.