State two uses of ammonia. State one similarity and one difference between ionic bond and covalent bond. Consider the redox reaction equation: Fe(s) + Cu2+(aq) → Fe2+(aq) + Cu(s). State the: (i) oxidizing agent; (ii) species reduced.

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h) State two uses of ammonia.

• Ammonia is used in the production of fertilizers, such as ammonium nitrate and urea.
• It is used in the manufacture of nitric acid.
• It can also be used as a refrigerant or in household cleaning products.

i) State one similarity and one difference between ionic bond and covalent bond.

• Similarity: Both ionic and covalent bonds involve atoms interacting to achieve a stable electron configuration (typically a full outer electron shell).
• Difference: An ionic bond involves the transfer of electrons between atoms, forming oppositely charged ions that are electrostatically attracted. A covalent bond involves the sharing of electrons between atoms.

j) Consider the redox reaction equation:

$$\text{Fe(s)} + \text{Cu}^{2+}\text{(aq)} \to \text{Fe}^{2+}\text{(aq)} + \text{Cu(s)}$$

State the:

• (i) oxidizing agent; In this reaction, $\text{Cu}^{2+}$ gains electrons (is reduced), causing $\text{Fe}$ to lose electrons (be oxidized). Therefore, $\text{Cu}^{2+}$ is the oxidizing agent. $\boxed{\text{Cu}^{2+}}$

• (ii) species reduced. The species that gains electrons is reduced. Here, $\text{Cu}^{2+}$ gains two electrons to become $\text{Cu(s)}$. $\boxed{\text{Cu}^{2+}}$