A celestial body has a mass of 5.98 x 1024 kg. An object is at a distance of 6,371 km from the center of the body. Calculate the escape velocity required for the object to break free from a celestial body's gravitational pull.

Physics
A celestial body has a mass of 5.98 x 1024 kg. An object is at a distance of 6,371 km from the center of the body. Calculate the escape velocity required for the object to break free from a celestial body's gravitational pull.

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Answer

11.2 kms1\text{11.2 kms}^{-1}

Step 1: Identify the given values and the formula for escape velocity. The mass of the celestial body is M=5.98×1024 kgM = 5.98 \times 10^{24} \text{ kg}. The distance from the center of the body (radius) is R=6,371 kmR = 6,371 \text{ km}. The gravitational constant is G=6.67×1011Nm2kg2G = 6.67 \times 10^{-11} Nm^2kg^{-2}.

The formula for escape velocity (vev_e) is: ve=2GMRv_e = \sqrt{\frac{2GM}{R}}

Step 2: Convert all values to SI units. The mass MM is already in kilograms (kg). The gravitational constant GG is already in Nm2kg2\text{Nm}^2kg^{-2}. The radius RR needs to be converted from kilometers to meters: R=6,371km=6,371×103m=6.371×106 mR = 6,371 km = 6,371 \times 10^3 m = 6.371 \times 10^6 \text{ m}

Step 3: Substitute the values into the escape velocity formula and calculate. ve=2×(6.67×1011Nm2kg2)×(5.98×1024kg)6.371×106mv_e = \sqrt{\frac{2 \times (6.67 \times 10^{-11} Nm^2kg^{-2}) \times (5.98 \times 10^{24} kg)}{6.371 \times 10^6 m}} ve=2×6.67×5.98×1011+246.371×106 m/sv_e = \sqrt{\frac{2 \times 6.67 \times 5.98 \times 10^{-11+24}}{6.371 \times 10^6}} \text{ m/s} ve=79.7732×10136.371×106 m/sv_e = \sqrt{\frac{79.7732 \times 10^{13}}{6.371 \times 10^6}} \text{ m/s} ve=(79.77326.371)×10136 m/sv_e = \sqrt{\left(\frac{79.7732}{6.371}\right) \times 10^{13-6}} \text{ m/s} ve=12.5212×107 m/sv_e = \sqrt{12.5212 \times 10^7} \text{ m/s} To take the square root, we can rewrite 10710^7 as 10×10610 \times 10^6: ve=125.212×106 m/sv_e = \sqrt{125.212 \times 10^6} \text{ m/s} ve=125.212×106 m/sv_e = \sqrt{125.212} \times \sqrt{10^6} \text{ m/s} ve11.189×103 m/sv_e \approx 11.189 \times 10^3 \text{ m/s}

Step 4: Convert the result to kilometers per second (km/s). ve11.189×103m/s=11.189 km/sv_e \approx 11.189 \times 10^3 m/s = 11.189 \text{ km/s} Rounding to one decimal place, ve11.2 km/sv_e \approx 11.2 \text{ km/s}.

The final answer is 11.2kms1\boxed{11.2 kms^{-1}}.

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